 |
ZincThe compound stimulates the activity of more than 100 enzymes. It also supports immune system functions, is needed for wound healing, and helps in maintaining your sense of taste and smell, and is needed for DNA synthesis. The compound is has also a supportive function in normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence. One of the most common uses of the compound as a supplement is as a remedy for cold symptoms, but the effect of the compound on the severity or duration of cold symptoms is controversial in research. It's also notable that large amounts of iron in supplements (greater than 25 mg) may decrease zinc absorption. From anti aging perpective it is also notable that in addition to the compounds immune system enhancement capabilities, Zinc is required for the production of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, which neutralises potentially damaging free radicals, as a powerful antioxidant. The mineral also aids in the production of testosterone and boosts sperm production. Zinc - StudiesAbul HT, Abul AT, Al-Althary EA, Behbehani AE, Khadadah ME, Dashti HM. Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) production by alveolar macrophages in patients with acute lung diseases: the influence of zinc supplementation. Mol Cell Biochem. 1995;146(2):139-145. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. A randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119(10):1417-1436. Altaf W, Perveen S, Rehman KU, et al. Zinc supplementation in oral rehydration solutions: experimental assessment and mechanisms of action. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002;21(1):26-32. Anderson RA, Roussel AM, Zouari N, Mahjoub S, Matheau JM, Kerkeni A. Potential antioxidant effects of zinc and chromium supplementation in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(3):212-218. Arnold LE, Pinkham SM, Votolato N. Does zinc moderate essential fatty acid and amphetamine treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder? J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000;10:111-117. Baumgaertel A. Alternative and controversial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatr Clin of North Am. 1999;46(5):977-992. Bekaroglu M, Aslan Y, Gedik Y. Relationships between serum free fatty acids and zinc, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1996;37(2):225-227. Belongia EA, Berg R, Liu K. A randomized trial of zinc nasal spray for the treatment of upper respiratory illness in adults. Am J Med. 2001;111(2):103-108. Berger MM, Spertini F, Shenkin A, et al. Trace element supplementation modulates pulmonary infection rates after major burns: a doublt-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(2):365-371. Birmingham CL, Goldner EM, Bakan R. Controlled trial of zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eating Disord. 1994;15:251-255. Brignola C, Belloli C, De Simone G, et al. Zinc supplementation restores plasma concentrations of zinc and thymulin in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1993;7:275-280. Brion M, Lambs L, Berthon G. Metal ion-tetracycline interactions in biological fluids. Part 5. Formation of zinc complexes with tetracycline and some of its derivatives and assessment of their biological significance. Agents Actions. 1985;17:230-242. Brouwers JR. Drug interactions with quinolone antibacterials. Drug Saf. 1992;7(4):268-281. Cai J, Nelson KC, Wu M, Sternberg P Jr, Jones DP. Oxidative damage and protection of the RPE. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2000;19(2):205-221. Capocaccia L, Merli M, Piat C, Servi R, Zullo A, Riggio O. Zinc and other trace elements in liver cirrhosis. Ital J Gastoenterol. 1991;23(6):386-391. Chausmer AB. Zinc, insulin and diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17(2):109-115. Cho E, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, et al. Prospective study of zinc intake and the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Ann Epidemiol. 2001;11(5):328-336. Chuong CJ, Dawson EB. Zinc and copper levels in premenstrual syndrome. Fertil Steril. 1994;62(2):313-320. Congdon NG and West KP. Nutrition and the eye. Curr Opin Opthalmol. 1999;10:464-473. Costello LC, Franklin RB. Novel role of zinc in the regulation of prostate citrate metabolism and its implications in prostate cancer. Prostate. 1998;35(4):285-296. Das UN. Nutritional factors in the pathobiology of human essential hypertension. Nutrition. 2001;17(4):337-346. Dendrinou-Samara C, Tsotsou G, Ekateriniadou E, et al. Anti-inflammatory drugs interacting with Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pt(II) metal ions. J Inorg Biochem. 1998; 71: 171-179. De-Souza DA, Greene LJ. Pharmacological nutrition after burn injury. J Nutr. 1998;128:797-803. Dreno B, Amblard P, Agache P, Sirot S, Litoux P. Low doses of zinc gluconate for inflammatory acne. Acta Derm Venereol. 1989;69:541-543. Dreno B, Trossaert M, Boiteau HL, Litoux P. Zinc salts effects on granulocyte zinc concentration and chemotaxis in acne patients. Acta Dermatol Venereol. 1992;72:250-252. Dutkiewicz S. Zinc and magnesium serum levels in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) before and after prazoxin therapy. Mater Med Pol. 1995;27(1):15-17. Eby GA. Zinc ion availability—the determinant of efficacy in zinc lozenge treatment of common colds. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997;40:483–493. Fortes C, Forastiere F, Agabiti N, et al. The effect of zinc and vitamin A supplementation on immune response in an older population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46:19–26. Garland ML, Hagmeyer KO. The role of zinc lozenges in treatment of the common cold. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32:63–69. Geerling BJ, Badart-Smook A, Stockbrügger RW, Brummer R-JM. Comprehensive nutritional status in recently diagnosed patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with population controls. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54:514-521. Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P, et al. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on infection in institutionalized elderly subjects: a controlled trial. Ann Nutr Metab. 1997;41(2):98-107. Godfrey HR, Godfrey NJ, Godfrey JC, Riley D. A randomized clinical trial on the treatment of oral herpes with topical zinc oxide/glycine. Altern Ther Health Med. 2001;7(3):49-56. Goldenberg RL, Tamura T, Neggers Y, et al. The effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy outcome [see comments]. JAMA. 1995;274(6):463-468. Golik A, Zaidenstein R, Dishi V, et al. Effects of captopril and enalapril on zinc metabolism in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17:75–78. Grahn BH, Paterson PG, Gottschall-Pass KT, Zhang Z. Zinc and the eye. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(2 Suppl):106-118. Hambridge M. Human zinc deficiency. J Nutr. 2000;130(5S suppl):1344S- 1349S. Herzberg M, Lusky A, Blonder J, Frenkel Y. The effect of estrogen replacement therapy on zinc in serum and urine. Obstet Gynecol. 1996;87(6):1035-1040. Hines Burnham, et al, eds. Drug Facts and Comparisons. St. Louis, MO:Facts and Comparisons; 2000:1295. Hirt M, Nobel Sion, Barron E. Zinc nasal gel for the treatment of common cold symptoms: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ENT J. 2000;79(10):778-780, 782. Humphries L, Vivian B, Stuart M, McClain CJ. Zinc deficiency and eating disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50(12):456-459. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001. Accessed February 26, 2002 at http://www4.nas.edu/IOM/IOMHome.nsf Karyadi E, West CE, Schultnick W, et al. A double blind, placebo-controlled study of vitamin A and zinc supplementation in persons with tuberculosis in Indonesia: effects on clinical response and nutritional status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:720-727. Kristal AR, Stanford JL, Cohen JH, Wicklund K, Patterson RE. Vitamin and mineral supplement use is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer. Can Epidemiol. 1999;8(10):887-892. Krowchuk DP. Treating acne. A practical guide. Med Clin North Am. 2000;84(4):811-828. Li RC, Lo KN, Lam JS, et al. Effects of order of magnesium exposure on the postantibiotic effect and bactericidal activity of ciprofloxacin. J Chemother. 1999;11(4):243-247. Lih-Brody L, Powell Sr, Collier KP, et al. Increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defenses in mucosa of inflammatory bowel disease. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41(10):2078-2086. Liu T, Soong SJ, Alvarez RD, Butterworth CE Jr. A longitudinal analysis of human papillomavirus 16 infection, nutritional status, and cervical dysplasia progression. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995;4(4):373-380. McClain CJ, Stuart M, Vivian B, et al. Zinc status before and after zinc supplementation of eating disorder patients. J Am Col Nutr. 1992;11:694-700. McMurray DN, Bartow RA, Mintzer CL, Hernandez-Frontera E. Micronutrient status and immune function in tuberculosis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1990;587:59-69. Meynadier J. Efficacy and safety study of two zinc gluconate regimens in the treatment of inflammatory acne. Eur J Dermatol. 2000;10:269-273. Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions [see comments]. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(20):2200-2211. Mulder TPJ, Van Der Sluys Veer A, Verspaget HW, et al. Effect of oral zinc supplementation on metallothionein and superoxide dismutase concentrations in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1994;9:472-477. Neuvonen PJ. Interactions with the absorption of tetracyclines. Drugs. 1976;11(1):45-54. Norregaard J, Lykkegaard JJ, Mehlsen J, Danneskiold-Samsoe B. Zinc lozenges reduce the duration of common cold symptoms. Nutr Review. 1997;55(3):82-85. Osendarp SJ, van Raaij JM, Darmstadt GL, Baqui AH, Hautvast JG, Fuchs GJ. Zinc supplementation during pregnancy and effects on growth and morbidity in low birthweight infants: a randomised placebo controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;357(9262):1080-1085. Otomo S, Sasajima M, Ohzeki M, Tanaka I. Effects of D-penicillamine on vitamin B6 and metal ions in rats [in Japanese]. Nippon Yagurigaku Zasshi. 1980;76(1):1-13. Papageorgiou PP, Chu AC. Chloroxylenol and zinc oxide containing cream (Nels cream®) vs. 5% benzoyl peroxide cream in the treatment of acne vulgaris. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2000;25:16-20. Patrick L. Nutrients and HIV: part 2—vitamins A and E, zinc, B-vitamins, and magnesium. Alt Med Rev. 2000;5(1):39-51. Penny ME, Peerson JM, Marin RM, et al. Randomized, community-based trial of the effect of zinc supplementation, with and without other micronutrients, on the duration of persistent childhood diarrhea in Lima, Peru. J Pediatr. 1999;135(2 Pt 1):208-217. Physicians' Desk Reference. 54th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Co., Inc.: 2000:678-683. Pizzorno JE, Murray MT. Textbook of Natural Medicine. New York, NY: Churchilll Livingstone. 1999:1210; 1274;1383-1384. Prasad AS. Clinical and biochemical manifestations of zinc deficiency in human subjects. J Am Coll Nutr. 1985;4(1):65-72. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Kaplan J, et al. Effect of zinc supplementation on incidence of infections and hospital admissions in sickle cell disease (SCD). Am J Hematol. 1999;61(3):194-202. Prasad AS, Fitzgerald JT, Bao B, Beck FW, Chandrasekar PH. Duration of symptoms and plasma cytokine levels in patients with the common cold treated with zinc acetate. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(4):245-252. Pronsky Z. Food-Medication Interactions. 9th ed. Pottstown, Pa: Food-Medicine Interactions; 1995. Russel RM. Vitamin A and zinc metabolism in alcoholism. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33(12):2741-2749. Safai-Kutti S. Oral zinc supplementation in anorexia nervosa. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1990;361(82):14-17. Sazawal S, Black RE, Jalla S, et al. Zinc supplementation reduces the incidence of acute lower respiratory infections in infants and preschool children: a double-blind, controlled trial. Pediatr. 1998;102(part 1):1–5. Schauss A, Costin C. Zinc as a nutrient in the treatment of eating disorders. Amer J Nat Med. 1997;4(10)8-13. Seitz HK, Poschl G, Simanowski UA. Alcohol Cancer. Recent Dev Alcohol. 1998;14:67-95. Shah D, Sachdev HP. Effect of gestational zinc deficiency on pregnancy outcomes: summary of observation studies and zinc supplementation trials. Br J Nutr. 2001;85 Suppl 2:S101-S108. Shanker AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(2 Suppl):447S-463S. Shay NF, Manigan HF. Neurobiology of zinc-influenced eating behavior. J Nutr. 2000;130:1493S-1499S. Sinclair S. Male infertility: nutritional and environmental considerations. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(1):28-38. Thomas JA. Diet , mirconutrients, and the prostate gland. Nutr Rev. 1999;57(4):95-103. Toren P, Eldar S, Sela BA, et al. Zinc deficiency in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1996; 40:1308-1310. Toyoda M, Morohashi M. An overview of topical antibiotics for acne treatment. Dermatology. 1998;196(1):130-134. VandenLangenberg GM, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein R, Klein BE, Brady WE, Palta M. Associations between antioxidant and zinc intake and the 5-year incidence of early age-related maculopathy in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148(2):204-214. Walter RM Jr, Uriu-Hare JY, Olin KL, et al. Copper, zinc, manganese, and magnesium status and complications of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1991;14(11):1050-1056. Wong Wy, Thomas CM, Merkus JM, Zielhuis GA, Steegers-Theunissen RP. Male factor subfertility: possible causes and the impact of nutritional factors. Fertil Steril. 2000;73(3):435-442. Yamaguchi M. Role of zinc in bone formation and bone resorption. J Trace Elem Exp Med. 1998;11:119-135. Zaichick VYe, Sviridova TV, Zaichick SV. Zinc in the human prostate gland: normal, hyperplastic and cancerous. Int Urol Nephrol. 1997;29(5):565-574. Zozaya JL. Nutritional factors in high blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens. 2000;14 Suppl 1:S100-S104.
|