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Soy Protein ExtractsOf these, isoflavones are phytoestrogens or plant compounds that weakly mimic the action of estrogen. Soy phytoestrogens bind to estrogen receptors and either enhance or diminish the effects of the hormone. In addition, soy does contain other nutrients in addition to protein and isoflavones, and some of the research is focused on the area that maybe the healthful benefits of soy foods are due to the combined action of these nutrients. In terms of anti aging, it is notable that studies have linked soy protein to the reduced risk of heart disease by lowering blood levels of cholesterol. Also, there is promising evidence in clinical studies suggesting that soy may be helpful in preventing hormone-related cancers, such as breast, prostate, and endometrial cancer. Soy Protein Extract - StudiesAdlercreutz H, Mazur W. Phyto-estrogens and western diseases. Ann Med. 1997;29(2):95-120. Albertazzi P, Pansini F, Bonaccorsi G, Zanotti L, Forini E, De Aloysio D. The effect of dietary soy supplementation on hot flushes. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;91(1):6-11. Alekel DL, St. Germain A, Peterson CT, Hanson KB, Stewart JW, Toda T. Isoflavone-rich soy protein isolate attenuates bone loss in the lumbar spine of perimenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72(3):844-852. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(5):276-282. Anderson JW, Smith BW, Washnock CS. Cardiovascular and renal benefits of dry bean and soybean intake. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(suppl 3):464S-474S. Barnes S. Phytoestrogens and breast cancer. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;12(4):559-579. Chorazy PA, Himelhoch S, Hopwood NJ, Greger NG, Postellon DC. Persistent hypothyroidism in an infant receiving a soy formula: case report and review of the literature. Pediatrics. 1995;96:148-150. Constantinou AI, Xu H, Cunningham E, Lantvit DD, Pezzuto JM. Consumption of soy products may enhance the breast cancer-preventive effects of tamoxifen. Paper presented at: American Association of Cancer Research 92nd Annual Meeting; March 24-28, 2001; New Orleans, La. Crouse JR, Morgan T, Terry JG, Ellis J, Vitolins M, Burke GL. A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2070-2076. Erdman JW Jr. AHA Science Advisory: Soy protein and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the AHA. Circulation. 2000;102(20):2555-2559. Food and Drug Administration. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. December 1, 1995. Accessed at http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/dietsupp.html on September 21, 2001. Food and Drug Administration. Food labeling: health claims; soy protein and coronary heart disease. Federal Register, Department of Health and Human Services; October 26, 1999. 64(206):57699-57733. Fournier DB, Erdman JW Jr, Gordon GB. Soy, its components and cancer prevention: a review of the in vitro, animal and human data. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998;7(11):1055-1065. Glazier MG, Bowman MA. A review of the evidence for the use of phytoestrogens as a replacement for traditional estrogen replacement therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(9):1161-1172. Goodman MT, Wilkens LR, Hankin JH, Lyu LC, Wu AH, Kolonel LN. Association of soy and fiber consumption with the risk of endometrial cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(4):294-306. Hargreaves DF, Potten CS, Harding C, et al. Two-week dietary soy supplementation has an estrogenic effect on normal premenopausal breast. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84(11):4017-4024. Heaney RP, Weaver, CM, Fitzimmons ML. Soybean phytate content: effect on calcium absorption. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53(3):745-747. Hermansen K, Sondergaard M, Hoie L, Carstensen M, Brock B. Beneficial effects of a soy-based dietary supplement on lipid levels and cardiovascular risk markers in type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(2):228-233. Hsieh CY, Santell RC, Haslam SZ, Helferich WG. Estrogenic effects of genistein on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res. 1998;58(17):3833-3838. Kim H, Peterson TG, Barnes S. Mechanisms of action of the soy isoflavone genistin: emerging role for its effects via transforming growth factor beta signaling pathways. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(suppl 6):1418S-1425S. Kurzer MS, Xu X. Dietary phytoestrogens. Annu Rev Nutr. 1997;17:353-381. Lee HP, Gourley L, Duffy SW, Esteve J, Lee J, Day NE. Dietary effects on breast-cancer risk in Singapore. Lancet. 1991;337(8751):1197-1200. Lichtenstein AH. Soy protein, isoflavones and cardiovascular disease risk. J Nutr. 1998;128:1589-1592. Liu K. Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization. New York, NY: Chapman & Hall; 1997:1-4, 48-49, 64-69, 83-92, 446-447. Messina, MJ. Legumes and soybeans: overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(3Suppl):439S-450S. Messina M, Bennink M. Soyfoods, isoflavones and risk of colonic cancer: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;12(4):707-728. Messina M, Messina V. Soyfoods, soybean isoflavones and bone health: a brief overview. J Ren Nutr. 2000;10(2):63-68. Messina MJ, Persky V, Setchell KDR, Barnes S. Soy intake and cancer risk: a review of the in vitro and in vivo data. Nutr Cancer. 1994;21(2):113-131. McMichael-Phillips DF, Harding C, Morton M, et al. Effects of soy-protein supplementation on epithelial proliferation in the histologically normal human breast. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(suppl 6):1431S-1435S Moyad MA. Soy, disease prevention and prostate cancer. Semin Urol Oncol. 1999;17(2):97-102. Nagata C. Ecological study of the association between soy product intake and mortality from cancer and heart disease in Japan. Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29(5):832-836. Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Kawakami N, Shimizu H. Soy product intake and hot flashes in Japanese women: results from a community-based prospective study. Am J Epidemiol. 2001;153(8):790-793. Nagata C, Takatsuka N, Kurisu Y, Shimizu H. Decreased serum total cholesterol concentrations is associated with high intake of soy products in Japanese men and women. J Nutr. 1998;128(2):209-213. North American Menopause Society. The role of isoflavones in menopausal health: consensus opinion of the North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2000;7(4):215-229. Nestel PJ, Yamashita T, Sasahara T, et al. Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17(12):3392-3398. SM, Baum JA, Teng H, Stillman RJ, Shay NF, Erdman JW Jr. Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(suppl 6):1375S-1379S. Quella SK, Loprinzi CL, Barton DL, et al. Evaluation of soy phytoestrogens for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer survivors: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group trial. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(5):1068-1074. Setchell KD. Phytoestrogens: the biochemistry, physiology, and implications for human health of soy isoflavones. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(suppl 6):1333S-1346S. Setchell KD, Cassidy A. Dietary isoflavones: biological effects and relevance to human health. J Nutr. 1999;129(3):758S-767S. Setchell KD, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Cai J, Heubi JE. Isoflavone content of infant formulas and the metabolic fate of these phytoestrogens in early life. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(suppl 6):1453S-1461S. Slavin JL, Karr SC, Hutchins AM, Lampe JW. Influence of soybean processing, habitual diet and soy dose on urinary isoflavonoid excretion. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(suppl 6):1492S-1495S. Somekawa Y, Chiguchi M, Ishibashi T, Aso T. Soy intake related to menopausal symptoms, serum lipids and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97(1):109-115. St Germain A, Peterson CT, Robinson JG, Alekel DL. Isoflavone-rich or isoflavone-poor soy protein does not reduce menopausal symptoms during 24 weeks of treatment. Menopause. 2001;8(1):17-26. Strom BL, Schinnar R, Ziegler EE, et al. Exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood. JAMA. 2001;286(7):807-814. Teixeira SR, Potter SM, Weigel R, Hannum S, Erdman JW Jr, Hasler CM. Effects of feeding 4 levels of soy protein for 3 and 6 wk on blood lipids and apolipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(5):1077-1084. Tham DM, Gardner CD, Haskell WL. Clinical review 97: potential health benefits of dietary phytoestrogens: a review of the clinical, epidemiological and mechanistic evidence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul;83(7):2223-2235. This P, De La Rochefordiere A, Clough K, Fourquet A, Magdelenat H; The Breast Cancer Group of the Institut Curie. Phytoestrogens after breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2001;8(2):129-134. United Soybean Board. Soy and health: the healthful, balanced nutrient. Accessed at http://www.talksoy.com on August 22, 2001. Upmalis DH, Lobo R, Bradley L, Warren M, Cone FL, Lamia CA. Vasomotor symptom relief by soy isoflavone extract tablets in postmenopausal women: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Menopause. 2000;7(4):236-242. Vincent A, Fitzpatrick LA. Soy isoflavones: are they useful in menopause? Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75(11):1174-1184. Washburn S, Burke GL, Morgan T, Anthony M. Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women. Menopause. 1999;6(1):7-13. Wong WW, Smith EO, Stuff JE, Hachey DL, Heird WC, Pownell HJ. Cholesterol-lowering effect of soy protein in normocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;68(suppl 6):1385S-1389S. Wu AH, Ziegler RG, Horn-Ross PL, et al. Tofu and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996;5(11):901-906.
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