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Selenium

Selenium is a mineral that works as a powerful antioxidant, especially when combined with vitamin E.

In addition, the mineral is needed for the proper functioning of the immune system and for the production of prostaglandins, which affect blood pressure and inflammation in the body.

From anti aging perspective, also important is to note that, according to research, low levels of selenium may worsen atherosclerosis, which means plaque buildup in arteries which can lead to heart attack and/or stroke and can lead to premature aging.

Selenium deficiencies have also been linked with certain types of cancer.

It has been suggested that much of the benefits of selenium are related to its role in the production of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase.

This enzyme is responsible for detoxification in the body.

Dietary sources of selenium include brewer's yeast and wheat germ, liver, butter, fish (mackeral, tuna, halibut, flounder, herring, smelts), shellfish (oysters, scallops and lobster), garlic, whole grains, sunflower seeds, and Brazil nuts.

Selenium is destroyed when foods are refined or processed.

Selenium - Studies

Ames BN. Micronutrient deficiencies: A major cause of DNA damage. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2000;889:87-106.

Barrington JW, Lindsay P, James D, Smith S, Roberts A. Selenium deficiency and miscarriage: A possibly link? Br J Ob Gyn. 1996;103(2):130-132

Batieha AM, Armenian HK, Norkus EP, Morris JS, Spate VE, Cornstock GW. Serum micronutrients and the subsequent risk of cervical cancer in a population-based nested case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1993;2(4):335-339.

Beck MA, Nelson HK, Shi Q, Van Dael P, Schiffrin EJ, Blum S, Barclay D, Levander OA. Selenium deficiency increases the pathology of an influenza virus infection. FASEB J. 2001;15(8):1481-1483.

Benton D, Cook R. The impact of selenium supplementation on mood. Biol Psychiatry. 1991;29(11):1092-1098.

Berger M, Spertini F, Shenkin A, et al. Trace element supplementation modulates pulmonary infection rates after major burns: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. AmJ Clin Nutr. 1998;68:365-371.

Boucher F, Coudray C, Tirard V, et al. Oral selenium supplementation in rats reduces cardiac toxicity of adriamycin during ischemia and reperfusion. Nutr. 1995;11(5 Suppl):708-711.

Brawley OW, Panes H. Prostate cancer prevention trials in the USA. Eur J Cancer. 2000;36(10):1312-1315.

Brown AC. Lupus erythematosus and nutrition: a review of the literature. [Review]. J Ren Nutr. 2000;10(4):170-183.

Cai J, Nelson KC, Wu M, Sternberg P Jr, Jones DP. Oxidative damage and protection of the RPE. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2000;19(2):205-221.

Cheung MC, Zhao XQ, Chait A, Albers JJ, Brown BG. Antioxidant supplements block the response of HDL to simvastatin-niacin therapy in patients with coronary heart disease and low HDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(8):1320-1326.

Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. JAMA. 1996;276:1957–1963.

Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW. Reduction of cancer risk with an oral supplement of selenium. Biomed Environ Sci. 1997;10(2-3):227-234.

De-Souza DA, Greene LJ. Pharmacological nutrition after burn injury. J Nutr. 1998;128:797-803.

Dimitrov NV, Hay MB, Siew S, et al. Abrogation of adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity by selenium in rabbits. Am J Pathol. 1987;126:376-383.

Douillet C, Tabib A, Bost M, Accominotti M, Borson-Chazot F, Ciavatti M. Selenium in diabetes: effects of selenium on nephropathy in type 1 streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Trace Elem Exp Med. 1999; 12:379-392.

Dworkin BM. Selenium deficiency in HIV infection and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Chem Biol Interact. 1994;91:181–186.

Finley JW, Davis CD, Feng Y. Selenium from high selenium broccoli protects rats from colon cancer. J Nutr. 2000;130:2384-2389.

Fleshner NE, Klotz LH. Diet, androgens, oxidative stress and prostate cancer susceptibility. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1999;17:325-330.

Fleshner NE, Kucuk O. Antioxidant dietary supplements: Rationale and current status as chemopreventive agents for prostate cancer. Urol. 2001;57(4 Suppl 1):90-94.

Gabbe SG, ed. Obstretrics—Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingston; 1996.

Garland M, Willet WC, Manson, JE, Hunter DJ. Antioxidant micronutrients and breast cancer. J Am Coll Nutr. 1993;12(4):400-411.

Garland M, Morris JS, Stampfer MJ, et al. Prospective study of toenail selenium levels and cancer among women. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;8:497–505.

Geerling BJ, Badart-Smook A, Stockbrügger RW, Brummer R-JM. Comprehensive nutritional status in recently diagnosed patients with inflammatory bowel disease compared with population controls. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54:514-521.

Ghadirian P, Maisonneuve P, Perret C, Kennedy G, Boyle P, Krewski D et. al. A case-control study of toenail selenium and cancer of the breast, colon, and prostate. Cancer Detect Prev. 2000;24(4):305-313.

Girodon F. Impact of trace elements and vitamin supplementation on immunity and infections in institutionalized elderly patients. Arch Int Med. 1999;159:748-754.

Hasselmark L, Malmgren R, Zetterstrom O, Onge G. Selenium supplementation in intrinsic asthma. Allergy. 1993;48:30-36.

Helzisouer KJ, Huang HY, Alberg AJ, Hoffman S, Burke A, Norkus EP, et al. Association between alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, selenium, and subsequent prostate cancer. J Nat Cancer Inst. 2000;92(24):2018-2023.

Howard JM, Davies S, Hunnisett A. Red cell magnesium and glutathione peroxidase in infertile women: effects of oral supplementation with magnesium and selenium. Magnes Res. 1994;7(1):49-57.

Hu YJ, Chen Y, Zhang YQ et al. The protective role of selenium on the toxicity of cisplatin-contained chemotherapy regimen in cancer patients. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1997;56:331-341.

Juhlin L, Edqvist LE, Ekman LG, Ljunghall K, Olsson M. Blood glutathione-peroxidase levels in skin diseases: effect of selenium and vitamin E treatment. Acta Derm Venereol. 1982;62(3):211-214.

Kadrabova J, Mad'aric A, Kovacikova Z, Podivinsky F, Ginter E, Gazdik F. Selenium status is decreased in patients with intrinsic asthma. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996;52(3):241-248.

Kappus H, Reinhold C. Inhibition of bleomycin-induced toxic effects by antioxidants in human malignant melanoma cells. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1990;264:345-348.

Kendler BS. Recent nutritional approaches to the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 1997;12(3):3-23.

Kirschmann GJ, Kirschmann JD. Nutrition Almanac. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill;1996:132-134.

Kneckt P. Serum selenium, serum alpha-tocopherol, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Epidemiology. 2000;11(4):402-405.

Lockwood K, Moesgaard S, Hanioka T, Folkers K. Apparent partial remission of breast cancer in 'high risk' patients supplemented with nutritional antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and coenzyme Q10. Mol Aspects Med. 1994;15(S):s231-s240.

Mannisto S, Alfthan G, Virtanen M, Kataja V, Uusitupa M, Pietinen P. Toenail selenium and breast cancer – a case-control study in Finland. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54:98-103.

McCloy R. Chronic pancreatitis at Manchester, UK. Digestion. 1998;59(suppl 4):36-48.

Michaelsson G, Edqvist LE. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity in acne vulgaris and the effect of selenium and vitamin E treatment. Acta Derm Venereol. 1984;64(1):9-14.

Monteleone CA, Sherman AR. Nutrition and asthma. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:23-34.

Navarro-Alarcon M, Lopez-Martinez MC. Essentiality of selenium in the human body: relationship with different diseases. Sci Total Environ. 2000;249:347-371.

Nelson MA, Porterfield BW, Jacobs ET, Clark LC. Selenium and prostate cancer prevention. Seminars in Urologic Oncology. 1999;17(2):91-96.

Olivieri O, Girelli D, Stanzial AM, Rossi L, Bassi A, Corrocher R. Selenium, zinc, and thyroid hormones in healthy subjects: low T3/T4 ratio in the elderly is related to impaired selenium status. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1996;51(1):31-41.

Patrick L. Nutrients and HIV: part one -- beta carotene and selenium. Alt Med Rev. 1999;4(6):403-413.

Psathakis D, Wedemeyer N, Oevermann E, Krug F, Siegers CP, Bruch HP. Blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase status in patients with colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41:328-335.

Rannem T, Ladefoged K, Hylander E, Hegnhřj J, Staun M. Selenium depletion in patients with gastrointestinal diseases: are there any predictive factors? Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;33:1057-1061.

Rayman MP. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet. 2000;356:233-241.

Russo MW, Murray SC, Wurzelmann JI, Woosley JT, Sandler RS. Plasma selenium levels and the risk of colorectal adenomas. Nutr Cancer. 1997;28(2):125-129.

Sahl WJ, Glore S, Garrison P, Oakleaf K, Johnson SD. Basal cell carcinoma and lifestyle characteristics. Int J Dermatol. 1995;34(6):398-402.

Schrauzer GN. Anticarcinogenic effects of selenium. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2000;57(13-14):1864-1873.

Schrauzer GN. Selenomethionine: a review of its nutritional significance, metabolism, and toxicity. J Nutr. 2000;130(7):1653-1656.

Scott R, MacPherson A, Yates RW, et al. The effect of oral selenium supplementation on human sperm motility. Br J Urol. 1998;82:76-80.

Shabert JK, Winslow C, Lacey JM, Wilmore DW. Glutamine antioxidant supplementation increases body cell mass in AIDS patients with weight loss: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Nutrition. 1999;11:860-864.

Simsek M, Naziroglu M, Simsek H, Cay M, Aksakal M, Kumru S. Blood plasma levels of lipoperoxides, glutathione peroxidase, beta carotene, vitamin A and E in women with habitual abortion. Cell Biochem Funct. 1998;16(4):227-231.

Sinclair S. Male infertility: nutritional and environmental considerations. Alt Med Rev. 2000;5(1):28-38.

Sturniolo GC, Mestriner C, Lecis PE, et al. Altered plasma and mucosal concentrations of trace elements and antioxidants in active ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998;33(6):644-649

Sundstrom H, Korpela H, Sajanti E, et al. Supplementation with selenium, vitamin E and their combination in gynaecological cancer during cytotoxic chemotherapy. Carcinog. 1989;10:273-278.

van 't Veer P, Strain JJ, Fernandez-Crehuet J, Martin BC, Thamm M, Kardinaal AF, et al. Tissue antioxidants and postmenopausal breast cancer: the European Community Multicentre Sudy on Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and Cancer of the Breast (EURAMIC). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1996 Jun;5(6):441-7.

Vermeulen NP, Baldew GS, Los G, et al. Reduction of cisplatin nephrotoxicity by sodium selenite. Lack of interaction at the pharmacokinetic level of both compounds. Drug Metab Dispos. 1993; 21:30-36.

Wasowicz W. Selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood of children with cancer. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1994;8:53–57.

Witte KK, Clark AL, Cleland JG. Chronic heart failure and micronutrients. J Am Coll Cardiol. [Review]. 2001;37(7):1765-1774.

Yan L, Yee JA, Li D, McGuire MH, Graef GL. Dietary supplementation of selenomethionine reduces metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. Anticancer Res. 1999;19(2A):1337-1342.

Yang GQ, Xia YM. Studies on human dietary requirements and safe range of dietary intakes of selenium in China and their application in the prevention of related endemic diseases. Biomed Environ Sci. 1995;8:187–201.

Yoshizawa K, Willett WC, Morris SJ, et al. Studies of prediagnostic selenium level in toenails and the risk of advanced prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998;90:1219–1224.

Yu MW, Horng IS, Hsu KH, Chiang YC, Liaw YF, Chen CJ. Plasma selenium levels and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among men with chronic hepatitis viral infection. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150(4):367-374.


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