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PiperineMost researched of these interactions is the compound's ability to increase the bioavailability of curcumin, which has been associated with antiaging benefits, by twentyfold. In addition, research has found the compound to stimulate the activity of amino-acid transporters in the intestinal lining and it decreases the intestinal production of glucuronic acid. The compound also inhibits p-glycoprotein, a protein that removes substances from cells. These effects result in permitting more of the substances to enter the body in active form. Consequently, some of these substances are able to reach, enter, and remain within their target cells for longer periods of time than would otherwise be the case, due to piperine's action. This effect is not without negative side, however. Usage of the compound may enhance a compound's effectiveness from a safe therapeutic level to the toxic level. On the other hand, it has been suggested that piperine may help turn a marginally effective therapeutic substance into a highly effective one simply by increasing its bioavailability and intracellular residency time. Research has also found that the compound decreases the bioavailability of some compounds, which leads to the total effects of the compound to be little known at the present time. Many, however, point to the fact that the compound has been consumed for thousands of years as a component of black pepper. From anti aging perspective, some of the positive reactions in the body due to piperine include increase in the brain’s production of beta-endorphins, increase in the brain’s production of serotonin, and increasing the pancreas’s production of digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Piperine - StudiesAtal CK, Dubey RK, Singh J. Biochemical basis of enhanced drug bioavailability by piperine: evidence that piperine is a potent inhibitor of drug metabolism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1985; 232:258-262. Badmaev V, Majeed M, Norkus EP. Piperine, an alkaloid derived from black pepper increases serum response of beta-carotene during 14-days of oral beta-carotene supplementation. Nutr Res. 1999; 19:381-388. Badmaev V. Majeed M, Prakash L. Piperine derived from black pepper increases the plasma levels of coenzyme Q10 following oral supplementation. J Nutr Biochem. 2000; 11:109-113. Bano G, Raina RK, Zutshi U, et al. Effect of piperine on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of propanolol and theophylline in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1991; 41:615-617. D'Hooge R, Pei YQ, Raes A, et al. Anticonvulsant activity of piperine on seizures induced by excitatory amino acid receptor agonists. Arzneimittelforschung. 1996; 46:557-560. Dhuley JN, Raman PH, Mujumdar AM, Naik SR. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by piperine during experimental inflammation in rats. Indian J Exp Biol. 1993; 31:443-445. Karekar VR, Mujumdar AM, Joshi SS, et al. Assessment of genotoxic effect of piperine using Salmonella typhimurium and somatic and somatic and germ cells of Swiss albino mice. Arzneimittelforschung. 1996; 46:972-975. Khajuria A, Thusu N, Zutshi U, Bedi KL. Piperine modulation of carcinogen induced oxidative stress in intestinal mucosa. Mol Cell Biochem. 1998; 189:113-118. Khajuria A, Zutshi U, Bedi KL. Permeability characteristics of piperine on oral absorption -- an active alkaloid from peppers and a bioavailability enhancer. Ind J Exp Biol. 1998; 36:46-50. Majeed M, Badmaev V, Rajendran R. Use of piperine as a bioavailability enhancer. United States Patent No. 5,972,382. Oct. 26, 1999. Malini T, Manimaran RR, Arunakaran J, et al. Effects of piperine on testis of albino rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999; 64:219-225. Mujumdar AM, Dhuley JN, Deshmukh VK, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of piperine. Jpn J Med Sci Biol. 1990; 433:95-100. Pei YQ. A review of pharmacology and clinical use of piperine and its derivatives. Epilepsia. 1983; 24:177-182. Platel K, Srinivasan K. Influence of digestive spices and their active principles on pancreatic digestive enzymes in albino rats. Nahrung. 2000; 44:42-46. Shenoy NR, Choughuley AS. Characterization of potentially mutagenic products from the nitrosation of piperine. Cancer Lett. 1992; 64:235-239. Shoba G, Joy D, Joseph TM, et al. Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals and human volunteers. Planta Med. 1998; 64:353-356. Unchern S, Nagata K, Saito H, Fukuda J. Piperine, a pungent alkaloid, is cytotoxic to cultured neutrons from the embryonic rat brain. Biol Pharm Bull. 1994; 17:403-406.
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