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N-t-butylhydroxylamineResearch has shown that NtBHA is an antioxidant that is recycled by mitochondrial electron transport chain and has shown potential to prevent free radical-induced toxicity to mitochondria. NtBHA is one of the breakdown products of PBN, which is a nitrone that has shown potential for anti aging. Some research suggests that NtBHA is, in fact, the active form of PBN, as NtBHA delays senescence of IMR90 cells at concentrations much lower than PBN. However, N-Benzyl hydroxylamine and N-methyl hydroxylamine compounds, both unrelated to PBN, have also been shown effective in delaying senescence, suggesting the active functional group is the N-hydroxylamine. In research, the N-hydroxylamines have shown potential to be effective throughout mitochondria, delaying age-dependent changes in mitochondria as measured by accumulation of rhodamine-123, they prevent reduction of cytochrome C(FeIII) by superoxide radical, and they reverse an age-dependent decay of mitochondrial aconitase, suggesting they react with the superoxide radical. N-t-butylhydroxylamine - StudiesOn the anti-aging activities of aminoguanidine and N-t-butylhydroxylamine. Hipkiss AR. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001 Feb;122(2):169-71. N-t-Butyl hydroxylamine is an antioxidant that reverses age-related changes in mitochondria in vivo and in vitro. Atamna H, Robinson C, Ingersoll R, Elliott H, Ames BN. FASEB J. 2001 Oct;15(12):2196-204. N-t-butyl hydroxylamine, a hydrolysis product of alpha-phenyl-N-t-butyl nitrone, is more potent in delaying senescence in human lung fibroblasts. Atamna H, Paler-Martinez A, Ames BN. J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 10;275(10):6741-8. The use of N-t-butyl hydroxylamine for radioprotection in cultured cells and mice. Lee JH, Kim IS, Park JW. Carcinogenesis. 2004 Aug;25(8):1435-42. Epub 2004 Mar 11.
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