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Ginkgo BilobaAccording to laboratory studies, the compound extract has these effects due to improving blood circulation by dilating blood vessels and reducing the stickiness of blood platelets. In addition to this direct anti aging effect, the extract from the Ginkgo leaves also contains flavonoids and terpenoids that are associated with antioxidant properties. Most importantly from anti aging perspective, research on Ginkgo has concluded that the compound was significantly more effective than placebo in enhancing memory and cognitive function. All in all, more that 40 components have been indentified from Ginkgo leaves, but only flavonoids and terpenoids are believed to be responsible for the beneficial effects. Ginkgo Biloba - StudiesAng-Lee MK, Moss J, Yuan C. Herbal medicines and perioperative care. [Review]. JAMA. 2001;286(2):208-216. Adams LL, Gatchel RJ, Gentry C. 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Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:42-53. Ernst E, Pittler MH. Ginkgo biloba for dementia: a systematic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Clin Drug Invest. 1999;17:301-308. Ernst E, Stevinson C. Ginkgo biloba for tinnitus: a review. Clin Otolaryngol. 1999;24(3):164-167. Foster S, Tyler VE. Tyler's Honest Herbal. 4th ed. New York: The Haworth Herbal Press; 1999:183-185. Galluzzi S, Zanetti O, Binetti G, Trabucchi M, Frisoni GB. Coma in a patient with Alzheimer's disease taking low dose trazodone and Ginkgo biloba. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68:679-683. Head KA. Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part one: diseases of the retina. Alt Med Rev. 1999;4(5):342-359. Karch SB. The Consumer's Guide to Herbal Medicine. Hauppauge, New York: Advanced Research Press; 1999:96-98. Kidd PM. A review of nutrients and botanicals in the integrative management of cognitive dysfunction. Alt Med Rev. 1999;4(3):144-161. Kim YS, Pyo MK, Park KM, et al. Antiplatelet and antithrombotic effects of a combination of ticlopidine and Ginkgo biloba ext (EGb 761). Thromb Res. 1998;91:33-38. Kleijnen J, Knipschild P. Ginkgo biloba for cerebral insufficiency. [Review]. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;34(4):352-358. Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AF. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. JAMA. 1997;278:1327–1332. Le Bars PL, Kieser M, Itil KZ. A 26-week analysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 in dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2000;11:230-237. Manocha A, Pillai KK, Husain SZ. Influence of Ginkgo biloba on the effect of anticonvulsants. Indian J Pharmacol. 1996;28:84-87. Mantle D, Pickering AT, Perry AK. Medicinal plant extracts for the treatment of dementia: a review of their pharmacology, efficacy and tolerability. CNS Drugs. 2000;13:201-213. Mashour NH, Lin GI, Frishman WH. Herbal medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(9):2225–2234. Matthews MK. Association of Ginkgo biloba with intracerebral hemorrhage [letter]. Neurol. 1998;50(6):1933-1934. Miller LC. Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(9):2200–2211. Mix JA, Crews WD. An examination of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract Egb 761 on the neuropsychiatric functioning of cognitively intact older adults. J Alt Comp Med. 000;6(3):219-229. Moher D, Pham B, Ausejo M, Saenz A, Hood S, Barber GG. Pharmacological management of intermittent claudication: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Drugs. 2000;59(5):1057-1070. Oken BS, Storzbach DM, Kaye JA. The efficacy of Ginkgo biloba on cognitive funciton in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 1998;55:1409-1415. Ott BR, Owens NJ. Complementary and alternative medicines for Alzheimer's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1998;11:163-173. Peters H, Kieser M, Holscher U. Demonstration of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba special extract Egb 761 on intermittent claudication a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Vasa. 1998;27:105–110. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of intermittent claudication: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med. 2000;108(4):276-281. Rai GS, Shovlin C, Wesnes KA. A double-blind, placebo controlled study of Ginkgo biloba extract ('tanakan') in elderly outpatients with mild to moderate memory impairment. Curr Med Res Opin 1991;12(6):350-355. Rosenblatt M, Mindel J. Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1108. Rotblatt M, Ziment I. Evidence-Based Herbal Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Hanley & Belfus, Inc; 2002:207-214. Rowin J, Lewis SL. Spontaneous bilateral subdural hematomas associated with chronic ginkgo. Neurol. 1996;46:1775–1776. Shaw D, Leon C, Kolev S, Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements. A 5 year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Safety. 1997;17(5):342-356. Sikora R, Sohn M, Deutz F-J, et al. Ginkgo biloba extract in the therapy of erectile dysfunction. J Urol. 1989;141:188A. Wettstein A. Cholinesterase inibitors and ginkgo extracts—are they comparable in the treatment of dementia? Phytomedicine 2000;6:393-401. Wong AHC, Smith M, Boon HS. Herbal remedies in psychiatric practice. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:1033-1044.
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