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Black Cohosh ExtractThe controversy surrounding the extract is that in lab tests on cancer cells, some researchers say that black cohosh encouraged breast cancer cells to grow. So far, many researchers agree that lab and animal studies don't provide enough evidence to decide whether women should take black cohosh. More women are likely to be looking for alternative ways to combat menopause symptoms since the recent studies suggesting that using the extract can increase risk of breast cancer. Black Cohosh Extract - StudiesChen S-N, Li W, Fabricant DS, Santasiero BD, et al.: Isolation, structure elucidation, and absolute configuration of 26-deoxyactein from Cimicifuga racemosa and clarification of nomenclature associated with 27-deoxyactein. Journal of Natural Products 65: 601-605, 2001. Duke JA: Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2001: 120-121. Foster S: Black cohosh: Cimicifuga racemosa: a literature review. HerbalGram 45: 35-49, 1999. Upton, R, ed. Black Cohosh Rhizome Actaea racemosa L. syn. Cimicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Standards of analysis, quality control, and therapeutics. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium. Santa Cruz, CA. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 2002: 1-38. Jacobson JS, Troxel AB, Evans J, et al.: Randomized trial of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes among women with a history of breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology 19: 2739-2745, 2001. Lehmann-Willenbrock E, Riedel H-H: Clinical and endocrinological studies on the therapy of ovarian defunctionalization symptoms after hysterectomy sparing the adnexa (in German). Zentralblatt fur Gynakologie 110: 611-618, 1988. Stoll W: Phytotherapy influences atrophic vaginal epithelium: Double-blind study of Cimicifuga vs. estrogenic substances (in German). Therapeutikon 1: 23-31, 1987. Warnecke, G: Influencing of menopausal complaints with a phytodrug: successful therapy with Cimicifuga monoextract (in German). Medizinische Welt 36: 871-874, 1985. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: Use of botanicals for management of menopausal symptoms. ACOG Practice Bulletin 28: 1-11, 2001. Kruse SO, Lohning A, Pauli GF, Winterhoff H, Nahrstedt A: Fukiic and piscidic acid esters from the rhizome of Cimicifuga racemosa and the in vitro estrogenic activity of fukinolic acid. Planta Medica 65: 763-764, 1999. Düker EM, Kopanski L, Jarry H, Wuttke W: Effects of extracts from Cimicifuga racemosa on gonadotropin release in menopausal women and ovariectomized rats. Planta Medica 57: 420-424, 1991. Liu J, Burdette JE, Xu H, et al.: Evaluation of estrogenic activity of plant extracts for the potential treatment of menopausal symptoms. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 49:2472-2479, 2001. Zava DT, Dollbaum CM, Blen M: Estrogen and progestin bioactivity of foods, herbs, and spices. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 217: 369-378, 1998. Dixon-Shanies D, Shaikh N: Growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells by herbs and phytoestrogens. Oncology Reports 6: 1383-1387, 1999. Nesselhut T, Schellhas C, Deitrich R, Kuhn W: Studies of the proliferative potency of phytodrugs with estrogen-like effect in breast cancer cells (in German). Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 254: 817-818, 1993. Liu Z, Yang Z, Zhu M, Huo J: Estrogenicity of black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) and its effect on estrogen receptor level in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells (in Chinese). Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 30: 77-80, 2001. Einer-Jensen N, Zhao J, Anderson KP, Kristoffersen K: Cimicifuga and Melbrosia lack oestrogenic effects in mice and rats. Maturitas 25: 149-153, 1996. Freudenstein J, Dasenbrock C, Nisslein T: Lack of promotion of estrogen-dependent mammary gland tumors in vivo by an isopropanolic Cimicifuga racemosa extract. Cancer Research 62: 3448-3452, 2002. Mills S, Bone K: Principles and Practice of Phytotherapy. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2000: 303-309. Liske E, Hanggi MD, Henneicke-von Zepelin HH, et al.: Physiological investigation of a unique extract of black cohosh (Cimicifugae racemosae rhizoma): a 6-month clinical study demonstrates no systemic estrogenic effect. Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine 11: 163-174, 2002. Zierau O, Bodinet C, Kolba S, Wulf M, Vollmer G: Antiestrogenic activities of Cimicifuga racemosa extracts. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 80: 125-130, 2002. Gruenwald J: Standardized black cohosh (Cimicifuga) extract clinical monograph. Quarterly Review of Natural Medicine Summer: 117-125, 1998. Whiting PW, Clouston A, Kerlin P: Black cohosh and other herbal remedies associated with acute hepatitis. Medical Journal of Australia 177: 432-435, 2002. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators: Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 288: 321-333, 2002. Gunn TR, Wright IM: The use of black and blue cohosh in labour. New Zealand Medical Journal 109: 410-411, 1996. Finkle RS, Zarlengo KM: Blue cohosh and perinatal stroke. New England Journal of Medicine 351: 302-303, 2004. Jones TK, Lawson BM: Profound neonatal congestive heart failure caused by maternal consumption of blue cohosh herbal medication. Journal of Pediatrics 132: 550-552, 1998.
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